局限性晚期上尿路上皮癌挑战与改变

The importance of cancer staging cannot be understated in that it provides valuable information for patients and providers concerning prognosis and serves as a foundation for treatment decisions. It is therefore essential to have a staging system that minimizes the heterogeneity of tumor behavior and accurately stratifies oncologic outcomes for patient counseling. Staging also facilitates the identification of those individuals who should receive multimodal therapy because of the risk of disease progression or recurrence. Ideally, the development and validation of staging systems and treatment recommendations are evidence-based according